The Assumption of the Title Persicus Maximus by Probus and the Date of Saturninus’ Revolt

Abstract

Our knowledge of the rebellion of Saturninus is limited. The date of this usur pation is much disputed. Various dates are given in our primary sources (Zosimus, Jerome and Syncellus). Also other proposals to determine when the usurper’s rebellion took place, based on the evidence of papyri or Saturninus’ and Probus’ coins, seem mistaken. In my opinion, Probus’ assumption of the title Persicus Maximus may be used to date the usurpation of Saturninus. This cognomen ex virtute does not refer to any external conflict but, as suggested by some scholars, to Probus’ suppression of Saturninus’ rebellion (before Probus, also Aurelian assumed this title after the suppression of the revolt in the East). If so, the emperor’s acceptance of this title in 279 (or possibly somewhat earlier) provides us with the date of the usurpation of Saturninus.